Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Lorenzo’s Oil Movie Review Essay

The movie, â€Å"Lorenzo’s Oil†, was about a family that found out that their son had been diagnosed with a rare, genetic disorder of which was considered incurable. The sex-linked disorder ALD, passed on by the x-chromosome, of which is usually accompanied by the unfortunate fate of death, has also been known to bring forth muteness, blindness, comas, seizures, and deafness. With no known cure for ALD, or any possible way of escaping its final result (death), doctors would use a special treatment to prevent any further deterioration of the brain, depending of course on the severity of the damage done prior to treatment. In Lorenzo’s case, the disorder had already corrupted too large of an area of his brain so the treatment given by the doctors would have been of little help to him. In most cases, death occurs nine months after diagnosis, however, Lorenzo’s parents refused to let death be his only option and they did their best to find another treatment to help their boy. This movie relates to chemistry in many ways, especially in the sense that there were chemical imbalances observed and the reactions of these imbalances were noted for future reference. As a major component in the medical field, chemistry is used in producing new solutions, observing their reactions, and testing the effectiveness of these solutions in treating or curing various illnesses. This is shown when Lorenzo’s parents continuously perform their experiments of mixing various substances and noting their ability to lower fat build-up in hopes of finding a cure to their son’s diminishing health. If put under the same circumstances that Lorenzo’s parents were put under, I believe that I would go to the same lengths in attempting to find some kind of treatment for my child. I think that my maternal instinct to care and protect my child would be too strong for me to just sit back and watch my child suffer, and honestly, seeing my child helpless and constantly struggling to live would be more than enough reason to do my best in finding something to ease, if not cure, my child’s illness. Whether or not I had been gifted with the knowledge needed to find such a remedy, I would still want to do all that I could for my child, even if it meant risking my life to save hers, and if nothing could be done, I would be sure to stay by my  child’s side at all times. However, one thing that I would never do would be to tell the doctors to end the life support given to my child. Even if that was the only way to end her suffering, I would rather let nature run its course than to feel guilty at finalizing the action of which would â€Å"help† her (according to other’s opinions who have no idea what she is going through) and feeling like a murderer of my own flesh and blood. When Lorenzo’s parents had made the discovery of a tonic, powerful enough to soothe the symptoms of ALD and lower the fat build-up, they did the right thing in immediately relaying the information of their treatment to doctors in hopes of saving other patients suffering as their son was. However, I feel that the doctors abused their powers as medical authorities in neglecting to accept the remedy, or even look into the composition of the remedy to find their own evidence of the effectiveness and ability to cure of the treatment. As doctors, their duty is to aid and assist the patients and to inform the patient’s families of every option available to ensure that they, as professionals in the medical field, did all that they could to cure or save their patients. However, by refusing to investigate the medicine or give the patients the option of trying this new innovation, the doctors neglected fulfilling their duty to its fullest extent and deprived their patients of anot her possible chance at survival. It is understood that all possible treatments produced are tested for months to confirm their effectiveness at combating ailments, of which is a very beneficial procedure to all. Lorenzo’s parents conducted numerous tests on their tonic’s working ability did and were aware of all possible reactions of their product. They felt confident in its positive benefits, which is why I feel they were so insistent at giving the medicine to other patients. I doubt that Lorenzo’s parents would have passed on such a treatment without knowing all the effects of their remedy, especially since they used the exact same medicine on their own child. However, I do not understand why the doctors would have been so set on refusing outside influences. I believe that one change made to the current system could be for doctors to be more willing to accept suggestions given to them, whether the suggestion be proposed by a medical professional or not. As shown in the movie, helpful information and innovations can be given by people other than medical authorities, such as  dedicated parents, like those of Lorenzo. Another change to the system would be to make medici nes more affordable to ensure everyone the same chance at living a long and healthy life. Even though technology has improved in the field of medicines and researchers have become more educated in areas of which they had once been clueless and lost, the medical field still has yet to be perfected. Many diseases and disorders are still considered mysterious, with very little knowledge known about them, and undiscovered. Until researchers educate themselves of every aspect of these controlling â€Å"monsters†, people will continue to suffer from such ailments. However, with better funding for the investigation of these unknown illnesses, knowledge will be obtained more quickly and long-awaited innovations will be found, an advantage to many, if not all. Researchers being more open-minded and more welcome to outside suggestions and ideas would also help in solving medical problems. They could also try to be more accurate in diagnosing sicknesses to ensure that patients are given the proper treatment and care needed to combat a specific ailment. Although changes to the procedures and actions in the medical field could be made, changes concerning those involved in the well-being of mankind would also need to be made. Unless researchers, doctors, and others capable of saving mankind are more willing to listen to outside ideas and perform their jobs to their fullest extent, the goal of being more powerful than these tricky, microscopic demons, of which for centuries have left us confused and bewildered at their amazing ability to conquer our bodies for their own use, will continue to be unaccomplished.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Pre-Spanish Philippines

Philippine literature in Spanish Period. Spanish occupied Philippinesin early 15th  century. The First Filipino alphabet is Alibata – when Spanish colonized Philippinesthey changed alibatas into Roman alphabet. Spanish banned the used of Alibata because they believed that it is a work of evil. So Spanish fully introduced the Spanish literary language using many Spanish terms. The European literature was brought by the Spaniards and are assimilated in Filipino song and indigeneous themes.The early printing press in the Philippine is run and monopolized by the Spaniards friars. Spanish colonial period literary genres consist of Pasyon Cenaculo Tibag Carillo – shadow play Political essay Comedia Zarzuela Spanish revolutionary Papers El Heraldo de la revolusion La Republica Filipina La independencia La libertad La revolution During Spanish colonization Filipinos felt that they being harrashed by the Spaniards.Then the Birth of the Propaganda movement and la Solidaridad. T hen Filipino fought and introduce tagalong to be the language of revolution of the nationalist movement. Filipino Spanish literature Pedro Bukakeng – Lam ang Tomas Pinpin ( librong pa aaralan ng mga tagalong ng wikang kastilla ,1610 Gaspar Aquino de Belen   – Ang mahal na pasyon ni Jesus, Christong panginoon natin 1704 Pedro Paterno – Sampaguita, Ninay Dr.Jose Rizal – Noli me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Mi Ultimo Adios Marcelo Del Pilar – Pag ibig sa tinubuang Lupa, Dasalan at tocsohan, kaiingat kayo Graciano Lopez Jaena – Fray Botod Franscico Baltazar – Florante at Laura Fr. Modesto de Castro – Urbanaat Feliza Emilio Jacinto – Liwanag sa Dilim Jose Palma – Himmo Nacional Filipino, De mi jardin Jose De la Cruz – Ibong Adarna Magdalena Jalandoni – Ang guitara, si Anabella, Ang mga tunok sang isa ka bulak

System Analysis and Design Bec Part 1 Answers

1. What qualities have led to BEC’s success so far? I think the most notable quality that has led to BEC's success is their ability to adapt to change. The company seems very dynamic and it seems like they notice trends and adapt the business to meet these trends. The company is also successful because they have such great teamwork and great management running the company 2. Is the IS organization at BEC poised to undertake significant systems development in the near future? Yes.The company has grown and is continuing to grow so they will need to move towards a new IS system. They are going to need to update to keep with the demand of online rentals. 3. What specific management skills do systems analysts at BEC need? The analyst is going to need risk management in order to be able to forsee what could go wrong during the project and try to prevent or respond to the damage that is caused. The analyst will also need change management to help the users transition onto this new sy stem. . What specific communication skills do systems analysts at BEC need? The system analyst will need interpersonal skills so that they can communicate clearly and effectively what needs to be accomplished to the team. 5. What specific areas of organizational knowledge do systems analysts at BEC need? The analyst will need to know the companies goals and mission statement. They will also need to know the policies and procedures so that they can design a system that meets these.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Managing Design and Sustainability Innovation Essay

Managing Design and Sustainability Innovation - Essay Example It is true that Design Thinking is more than the article has highlighted but it has tried to capture the fundamentals that entail the concept: Question, Care, Connect and Commit (Berger 2010). I believe that Warren Berger captured these sentiments from real interaction with designers so as to develop a comprehensive and simple approach to Design Thinking. The study spans 10 years with at least 100 designers reviewed. It is however true that Design Thinking is more than meets the eye in the actual world of business. When taking the four fundamentals as stated by Berger, it is easy for it to be inapplicable in a real business scenario. The basic reason for this is that the area looked into was the design industry which varies hugely with other industries e.g. entertainment or manufacturing. The basic idea here is customization of Design Thinking to fit the respective context of its application. One example is the critical aspect of trying to uncover end users’ opinions. In some industries which have less contact with end users it would be hard to track significant information unlike in others for example, the service industry. Design in some way focuses on product creation. This is backed by the fact that in Design Thinking the aim is to ensure that what is to get to the end users is of the expected, if not a higher than expected, value. In this endeavor it is overly clear to deduce that one major force behind Design Thinking is product creation. Apple and P&G have been offered as examples of this scenario meaning that it is true in many recent successful companies. These companies have concentrated in designing products that surpass market expectations thereby creating a level of curiosity that has inevitably made competitors think in the same direction. To these companies huge profits have been in the offing. Tracking designers’ work to get an overview of what Design Thinking is all about is a good approach. This is because it

Sunday, July 28, 2019

COURS WORK FOR INTERPERSONAL SKILLS MANAGEMENT Coursework - 1

COURS WORK FOR INTERPERSONAL SKILLS MANAGEMENT - Coursework Example Not only that, team performance and development are very important aspects of business, in terms of productivity, performance and profits. Thus, in the case of corporate activities, it is not only individual brilliance that matters but also the entire group endeavors, perhaps constituting a medley of capable, not so capable and average individuals who constitute the membership of team. Thus team leaders are responsible not only for their own performances but also achieving the performance and competency levels of individual constituents. While this is indeed a tall order, it does make sense when one considers that today’s business functions in a very competitive and aggressive environment wherein ultimate performance is of crucial importance in terms of market shares, productivity and profitability aided by teamwork. For the time beingâ€Å"It is concluded that management development as strategy has an important role to play in promoting organisational success, in developing individual and organisational effectiveness, and in differentiating the quality of a company and its people from competing organisations† (Buckley, 2011). Perhaps the most important skill would be that he should be able to inject leadership into the group- this does not mean that he should impose himself on others and be overbearing and autocratic, but it is necessary that he is able to draw forth the best work qualities of his team members through conviction, tact, discretion and diplomacy. Team members would not like to be forced into doing something- the initiative and drive for performing should come from within themselves and managers just guide and monitor their actions, putting in a word of praise or the need for improvement in certain areas for the team members. The basic qualities of leadership in terms of accepting responsibility, being hardworking and earnest oneself, able to back up the team in the event things go wrong, sincere, dedicated and

Saturday, July 27, 2019

International Business Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Practice - Assignment Example Trade creation occurs when domestic production is substituted with imports from member states; sometimes it entails the condition of a less efficient system, albeit there is reduction in trade transaction costs. However, trade diversion occurs when it is carried out with member states. Whereas, earlier, trade was being carried out with other countries outside the Union. The portion of trade that was carried out with other countries or states is now diverted to member states under preferential trade agreements and due to this, trade diversion occurs. There are several reasons why countries resort to signing PTA; the main reasons are as follows: The underlying influence of Europe: The shift of the American Position Unbalanced nature of current multilateral trade regime and utmost dissatisfaction with it. Besides modern trade barriers are much more complicated in multilateral settings and most countries find it easier to deal with regional or sectoral trade. Failure of the World Trade O rganization (WTO) to become a major stabilizing force in global trade It is now necessary to consider each of these aspects individually and separately. The underlying influence of Europe: The influence of the European Community (EC) now known as the European Union has indeed been formidable. Although it faced several setbacks during 1992, it was successful in overcoming mighty odds in its search for regional trade co-operation The EU has been able to achieve despite the challenges it had to face, a major expansion of the European community, in terms of scope, depth and geographical coverage. â€Å"This success has undoubtedly had a demonstration effect, encouraging emulation in the form of regional initiatives in other parts of the world† (Frankel, 1977, P.5). The influence of the EU on setting up of several regional PTAs has indeed been reassuring, especially in the case of PTAs like the European Free Trade Association, (EFTA), Andean Group, Mercosur and ASEAN. The shift of the American Position: With Europe entering into progressive trade unionism ostensibly to avoid the prospects of further wars, America now needed to adopt a stance of its own, although without confronting the EC plans. It turned towards geo-political solutions and â€Å"proposing a new round of liberalization negotiations in the GATT so as to keep the momentum in the multilateral direction.† (Frankel, 1977, P.5). Since then American policies have shifted from multilateralism to regional trade partnership, which is quite evident from the US -Israel Free trade agreement and the Caribbean Basin initiative. â€Å"Where the Americans had previously reacted multilaterally to European action on the regional front, now they reacted regionally to European Action on the multilateral front† (Frankel, 1977, P.5). The American policies were clear cut and transparent – if the multilateral routes were closed, they were ready to explore regional routes for trade development an d believed that the breakdown of such barriers was essential for trade to flourish. There were several factors that contributed to the US trade policy. The first being that over the few decades, the US had lost global hegemony it had enjoyed since World War II, and its trade position has slipped down alarmingly in recent years. Secondly, the EU has been a strong economic and trade force in Europe and has matched US supremacy. Under such circumstances, the

Friday, July 26, 2019

Diagnosis of an infected patient Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diagnosis of an infected patient - Essay Example The Bacillus is a very resilient bacterium because it can produces spores (actually, oval endospores which are not true spores) which remain dormant over long periods of time and then re-activated whenever the right environmental conditions are present for it to reproduce again. Its spores can theoretically be dormant for many years in the soil but can still infect after a lapse of several decades. Bacillus can be either aerobic (oxygen-reliant) or facultative anaerobic (having ability to be aerobic or not). It is gram-positive when stained although some Bacillus are gram-negative too. Escherichia differs from Bacillus in that it is non-spore forming, gram-negative when it is stained, and it is facultatively anaerobic although it is like Bacillus in being rod-shaped also in form when viewed under the microscope. Many strains under the Escherichia species are known human pathogens which cause many urinary tract infections (UTI) as well as common intestinal ailments like diarrhea and dysentery. However, some strains are beneficial and known also by the alternative living arrangement called commensal which is a relationship between two kinds of organisms where one organism benefits without necessarily harming the other organism. Mycoplasma is the smallest known bacteria and do not have a cell wall which allows it to be flexible enough and take many different shapes, depending on its environment. It is also resistant to most medicinal drugs which specifically target cell walls synthesis like penicillin or antibiotics as its lack of a wall prevents a precise targeting mechanism for a drug to work on it. It is considered as one of the smallest living cells ever discovered and many of its strains are cause of ailments as it is pathogenic and parasitic. Mycoplasma is anaerobic (survives without oxygen) and it is gram-positive when stained. It was mistakenly thought to be a fungus when first

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Serotonin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Serotonin - Research Paper Example The metabolism of serotonin takes place in the live. The product of metabolism is known as 5-HIAA. In the process of metabolism, serotonin is oxidized by monoamine oxidase to produce aldehyde. Aldehyde is further oxidized into 5-HIAA by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Large amounts of serotonin in the blood leads to certain forms of carcinoid syndrome of flushing. It also leads to diarrhea, and heart complications. Human beings who experience the production of large amounts of serotonin often suffer from tricuspid valve disease. This disease is caused due to proliferation of myocytes into the valve (Chattopadhyay, 2007). Serotonin is not only found in animals. There are plants and fungi that have serotonin. Worms and insects also have serotonin. This is manifested the pain caused due to their bites. Plant spines also cause pain to human beings. Other pathogenic amoebas have the ability to produce serotonin, the effect of the serotonin from amoeba leads to diarrhea. 5-HT receptors belong to the A rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are said to have seven transmembrane spanning helices which include; three intracellular and three extracellular loops, one extracellular amino-terminus, and an intracellular carboxy-terminus. The transmembrane helices are charged with the function of binding endogenous ligand serotonin. Serotonergic neurons are lovated at the dorsal and median raphe nuclei region of the brain stem. In addition, serotonergic neurons are responsible for the projection of nerve terminals to every region of the brain.... It also leads to diarrhea, and heart complications. Human beings who experience the production of large amounts of serotonin often suffer from tricuspid valve disease. This disease is caused due to proliferation of myocytes into the valve (Chattopadhyay, 2007). Serotonin is not only found in animals. There are plants and fungi that have serotonin. Worms and insects also have serotonin. This is manifested the pain caused due to their bites. Plant spines also cause pain to human beings. Other pathogenic amoebas have the ability to produce serotonin, the effect of the serotonin from amoeba leads to diarrhea (Chattopadhyay, 2007). 5-HT receptors belong to the A rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are said to have seven transmembrane spanning helices which include; three intracellular and three extracellular loops, one extracellular amino-terminus, and an intracellular carboxy-terminus. The transmembrane helices are charged with the function of binding endo genous ligand serotonin (Chattopadhyay, 2007). Serotonergic neurons are lovated at the dorsal and median raphe nuclei region of the brain stem. In addition, serotonergic neurons are responsible for the projection of nerve terminals to every region of the brain. There are primary targets for serotonergic projections in the brain. The main targets include the substantia nigra, hypothalamus, amygdaloid-hippocampal region, caudate, plutamen and nucleus accumbens. Other areas that are targeted by the serotonergic projections include cerebral cortial areas such as the frontal, occipital, insular, parietal, temporal, and cerebral cortices (Vanhoute, 1993). In the brain, the cerebral cortex region has several nerves of serotonin

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Economy of Finland Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Economy of Finland - Coursework Example This led to movements for independence and self assertion on the part of Finland as early as the First World War. In this regard, the relationship between the Soviet and Finland remained inconsistent, until Finland declared itself independent in 1912, following an upheaval by the Bolsheviks. This was a period when the Finnish German ties were looking up. Following Soviet aggression as well as expeditions in Finland in order to capture it, the Soviet began diplomatic negotiations with Finland in April, 1938. This was done basically to avert the possibility of a Finnish attack on Leningrad with the help of British or German backing. It was in this period that Soviet German ties were forged with the help of a non aggression pact in 1939. A similar non aggression pact had been signed between Finland and the Soviet in 1934, which was to be re affirmed after a decade. Yet, the hostilities began soon after with Ariel attacks, military expeditions as well as naval attacks between the two countries. While the fall of Soviet Communism was hailed by many as the beginning of good times, there are parallel theories that point towards the failure of democracy to take off completely. What must be considered here, is the emergence of the following in Finland after the fall of Communism: While not A Westward looking trend Conception of and Alliance with the European Union and NATO Parliamentary Democracy with the help of a constitution Stable market forces Globalization Privatisation of Banks Green Politics Emergence of global industrial players to make use of Social and Industrial Capital. This paper will discuss all these points in order to understand how Finland has grown and can continue to grow at an even higher growth rate in all areas - social, political and economic. Chapter 3 Change in Finnish Strategy Globalization While not so different from traditional villages in its desire to engage in a free exchange of ideas, the global village is one that thrives on the communication and transportation infrastructure that seems to be binding the world into one 'large, happy family'. This has been the foremost policy of Finland after Communism. What had started out as a speculation on the part of Marshall McLuhan in the 1960s, regarding the fact that the world was being transformed into a "global village" in the face of TV and new telecommunication technologies, has become a debate of much greater dimensions. His prediction has gone past mere "telecommunication technologies", to an arena where a new wave of digital technologies personified by the Internet and its offshoots, are proving to be as much a force for diversity as they are for similitude. While the spread of TV, radio and the telephone helped transform the third world countries to a great extent; a trend furthered by the advent of cell phones - the impact of the Internet has been

Workplace Privacy Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words

Workplace Privacy - Thesis Example In this scenario, the extent to which an employee can monitor and where he needs to draw a line is a major concern for both employers and employees. Employers find it crucial to monitor their workplaces due to fraud and theft, productivity, security concerns which stem from internal workforce either directly or indirectly. They utilize monitoring methods and application that range from telephone monitoring to genetic testing. On the other hand, employees regard it as intrusive monitoring that invades their right to privacy without reasonable justification. Though the right to privacy is not explicitly given in U.S. Constitution, there are certain amendments (1st, 4th, and 9th) and Acts that ensure employees privacy rights. However these conflicting interests give rise to legal issues and lawsuits from employees in United States. This paper analyses the idea of workplace privacy, some of its legal and technological aspects, gives an in-depth review of employers and employees perspecti ve on the issue, and considering the complex nature of the privacy in workplace. It is inferred that employers and government should collectively fill the gaps between law and emerging technology related privacy issues for better workplace. 2. Defining workplace privacy There are a number of ways to define privacy. Earlier definition of privacy concentrated on a person’s right to his individual privacy which refers to his right to be alone and at a distance from other people(Chapin 164;Bates 839).However, research on this perception soon expanded and a person’s environment is also included as an element in the discussion of privacy(Bellingar and Virginia 2).Spreading it further Schwartz stated:â€Å"

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Business report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Business report - Research Paper Example In 1939, the founder of the company developed a soft serve ice cream machine, becoming the first. By 1947, the corporation was already franchising retail ice cream stores in the US. In the period of 1949 all through to 2010, the company made various developments which have enabled its survival in the market. It developed a franchisee training seminar to educate its franchises, developed various ice cream products such as the flying saucer, Lo-Yo frozen yogurt, a line of all-Kosher products, Thinny-Thin frozen dietary desserts, among others developed later in the years. The company also created the idea of using ice cream vending vehicles, and introduced an ice cream supermarket. The corporation, after the death of the founder, relocated to Farmington Connecticut, where it developed branded freezers which were used to sell its ice cream products in various supermarkets. Various developments of products, sales strategies, and management accompany the progress of the company with the la test development at 2010. It introduced a new product; ‘Thick, Rich & Dreamy Low Fat Ice Cream’. The company has its headquarters in Atlanta, but has various franchises in 25 States and seven countries (The Carvel Corporation). Carvel products are categorized into three groups; take home treats, cakes, and Carvel Special Ties. The company offers take home novelty treats, freshly made hand tipped ice cream, premium ice cream cakes, and soft serve ice cream. These are meant personal desires, anniversaries, birthdays, and special holidays. The company’s ice cream cakes are said to be â€Å"perfect for any occasion† (The Carvel Corporation). Customer satisfaction is another factor. There are different features that customers look for in a product. In the case of ice cream, consumers will consider the flavors, melting quality, appearance, body and texture, color, and influence quality. Provision of what the different customers prefer determines the demand of

Monday, July 22, 2019

The Economic History of the United States Essay Example for Free

The Economic History of the United States Essay Today, the United States has the most foremost economy in the global industry. It is the leader in trade and exchange and has embraced ideologies and policies that directly affect the performance of its economy. Among this is the policy of free trade which was strongly pursued and promoted by well known economist and scholar, Milton Friedman. Friedman has become an advocate of Adam Smiths writings and highly agree with his ideas of free trade, competition in the markets, and the â€Å"invisible hand†. Friedmans contention is that the act of embracing free trade by the United States is one which will definitely benefit the economy in the long-run as opposed to embracing an economy that is highly protected and regulated by the government. The government is indeed essential to provide security and to make sure that orderly, stable, and lawful conditions are sustained and provided. However, governments cannot help but heavily intrude in economic and business affairs. Friedman sees this as a hindrance to the furtherance of achieving economic prosperity as well as a suppression of the freedom to choose. The film provided valuable insights about the different developments of other nations to provide an overview of how free trade and government intervention and control has affected the development of these nations. Take for example Britain who used to suffer from smuggling and numerous lawbreakers. It removed all the duties and tarriffs on goods in 1846 and has become the workplace of the world, achieving an unprecendented rate of economic wellness. Japan is also among those countries which embraced a certain aspect of free trade when it broke away from its feudal society and isolation in 1868. It has been rooted in the traditional and because of the opening of its market to the West traders and its embrace of free trade, Japan has since then become an economy that is highly competitive. It has adopted modern ways of production in its various industries which caused its economic boom. This economic freedom has further promoted human freedom. On the other hand, India after its freedom from Britain, has adopted a system that strongly relied on the government for central planning and control. The weaving industry of India was heavily regulated and keenly controlled by the government. It never really prospered and the energy coming from human capital was stifled which would have produced more dynamic actvity. In this respect, other industries were sacrificed and until the present, India has never really modernized. In the case of the United States, its employment of free enterprise has currently provided an economy that is noteworthy because it provided the enjoyment of low prices, products that are satisfactory in terms of quality and high wages. Adam Smith, in his book The Wealth of Nations, introduced the â€Å"invisible hand† which has been one of the foundations of free enterprise. This is very manifest in the United States economy in a way that it is human nature. The behavior of the Americans which places a big importance on the freedom to choose, provides an environment that is highly characteristic of the invisible hand at work. Self-interest which is very common to all, is the main key in the propagation of this phenomenon. The difference of the United States however, is its open acceptance of the cultivation of self-interest. Because of the individual pursuance of self-interest, different producers have manufactured products in the aim of achieving profit from them. This in turn provided the needs for the consumers, who in the pursuance of their self interest, paid for goods that became the profit for the producers. This spontaneous order definitely explains the economic prosperity that the United States enjoy today. Furthermore, because of the invisible hand at work, competition at the market place has been cultivated and encouraged. More producers have made goods that provided variety for people to choose. It is a known fact that consumers would definitely opt for goods that are of the cheapest price, and this competition definitely promotes a healthy economic environment when it is coupled by the sellers option to sell at a higher price. This applies to the domestic economy as well as to international exchange and trade. United States has suffered from protectionism as a political disease but it has risen above it and has not coward out of competing in the international market. The lifting of constraints from the government with regards to international competition facilitated the United States advantageous strategies that explored the minimization of costs and maximization of profits. It has tapped cheaper overseas labor in the processing of raw materials and assembling of goods that are then sold domestically and exported abroad. However, arguments saying that this process will mean lesser jobs for Americans has been voiced out by others. Despite the negative implication that this outsourcing of labor has, the United States has found means of going around it. It has took advantage of the free market of foreign exchange in the birth of export industries that have replaced jobs that might have been lost. This was only possible because of the alleviation of government intervention in international exchange and trade. Another instance is the support of small businesses that are currently motivated by the free enterprise policy of the United States. This small businesses provide more jobs for the American citizens currently. Summing up, it can be assumed that free trade accounts for the United States being able to enjoy a high standard of living and if more barriers are removed, it promises an even brighter economic future. Free trade allows more goods and services to reach the United States allowing the American consumers to choose and enjoy goods at lower prices. This means more spending income or savings for a household. However, the positive effects of free trade is not limited domestically because it extends to a global scale. With the embrace of a free enterprise, the freedom to choose is extended globally and influences more nations. With the right attitude of acceptance and undertaking the challenge of competition, other nations could take the steps that the United States have taken. With the right market reforms, economic improvement is definitely at hand. Works Cited PBS Free to Choose 1990 Vol. 2 of 5 The Tyranny of Control http://video. google. com/videoplaydocid=2798161794328252652q=Milton+Friedman+Free+to+choose+duration3Alongtotal=15start=10num=10so=0type=s

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The White Collar Crime

The White Collar Crime In 1986, Kenneth Lay merged Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth to form Enron and then in the early 1990s he helped initiate the selling of electricity at market prices. By doing so, it later led to the US Congress to pass legislation deregulating the sale of natural gas. Consequently this made it possible for traders to sell energy at higher prices, allowing companies to significantly increase their revenue. This allowed Enron to rise to be the largest seller of natural gas in North America by 1992. In 1999 Enron opened up EnronOnline, to better manage its contracts trading business but to further encourage growth Enron pursued a diversification strategy. By the end of the 1990s, Enrons capitalization exceeded $60 Billion dollars and was viewed as the most innovative large company in America. So what happened to Enron? On December 2nd, 2001 Enron filed for bankruptcy leading to the downfall of one of the most corrupt corporations in recent U.S. history. Top executives and board members sold their stock for huge profits knowing the pending outcome of its demise would send its stock in a spiraling descent. Leaving thousands of employees and investors with massive losses the U.S. Department of Justice launched an investigation into the top executives and board members to discover the depth of the scandal. The massive fraud that Enron executives accounted for fell into the category of White Collar Crime. To further examine the massive fraud that Enron executives committed, we will look into the anatomy behind the mind of the white collar criminal, its sociological concepts, and correlate between the research and the textbook article on Enron. When looking at the history of white collar crime one must go back to the 1940s, when Edwin H. Sutherland coined the term white collar crime. He sought to dismiss the notion that crime was the domain of the lower classes of society. He believed that it could not be explained at the individual level and it should be researched at an organizational level. He stated that flaw of character was not the cause but the situations and relationships with in an organization that created an environment that encouraged white collar crime. When analyzing this theory in a sociological prospective it falls into differential association theory; a theory that Sutherland attributes to excess of deviant associations over conventional ones. Although, his theory is still advocated and a majority of research into white collar crime followed his anti-psychological position, there is a movement within the financial and accounting fields to better understand the behavioral characteristics of the individuals. Since there is little understood between individual behavioral traits and white collar crime the FBI has started using its Behavioral Science Analysis Unit to incorporate behavioral traits of white collar criminals in developing profiles to assist investigators. To understand what constitutes a white collar crime, the US Department of Justice defines it as the illegal acts characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust that are not dependent upon the application or threat of force or violence. The socio-economic status of the offender is not incorporated into the definition or is it an important element in why someone commits a fraudulent act. The common depiction of the stereotypical white collar criminal is he or she is a first time offender, considered a good citizen, well educated, middle aged, and a trusted employee. While this depicts the ideal company executive, a more modern approach to challenging these common perceptions of white collar criminals is by taking account of personality traits such as: anti-social personality, narcissism, and psychopathy. By doing so, this illustrates that the same traits that enables criminal acts and explain why some turn towards crimes of violence, also apply to white collar criminals who manifest their aggression into a different form such as fraud. Alternatively, there is a sub-group within the white collar crime family known as fraud-detection homicide. This is the willingness to resort to violence, namely murder to prevent their fraud schemes from being detected and disclosed. When looking farther into why white collar criminals commit such deviant acts, a modern approach is to look at the personality traits associated with the offender. At first glance, the explanation behind white collar crime is greed and dishonesty but with further exploration there are three key traits among them. First, is an Anti-social personality which white collar criminals blame their victims for being ignorant or deserving of their fate, minimize the harmful consequences of the fraud, or simply display an arrogant indifferenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ also probably believe that it is a dogà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ eatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ dog world and that everyone is out for himself or herself (DSMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ IV Task Force, 1994). Second, is narcissism, their narcissism may not allow them to fully appreciate how their actions play themselves out because their sense of entitlement requires a need for gratification, and the use of deception to achieve fraud does not create a moral dilemma for them to r esolve(Barnard, 2008). Third, is psychopathy, Specifically, Ray (2007) found that the psychopathic traits that drive WCCs intention to commit fraud are the traits of egocentric, manipulative, exploitative, deceitful, a Machiavellian attitude where the means justify the ends regardless of it criminal nature. With these traits that are attributed to white collar criminals, it is easy to understand why they would commit these crimes. Most white collar criminals attribute their crimes to several factors but most noteworthy are: 1) to obtain money, property, or services. 2) To avoid the payment or loss of money. 3) To secure personal or business advantages. White collar criminals view fraud as both acceptable and common to overcome financial difficulties or to make a profit for the organization. When society discovers the acts of white collar criminals they are labeled out of character because it is often their first offense against the law. When lifting the curtain surrounding the mind of a white collar criminal there is a vastly different view they hold of themselves compared to the rest of society. In a recent study, white collar criminals claimed they felt justified to commit fraud to save the company, the employees jobs, and other businesses that relied on their survival. White collar criminals have the ability to rationalize fraud because of the ability to attach a moral argument to the offense by pointing out higher purposes behind the fraud. White collar criminals use a technique known as neutralization to void any internal moral objections and to justify or rationalize their activities. With the personality traits and the ability to use neutralization to their advantage, whiteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ collar criminals cause substantial social harm by undermining the economy, e xacerbating the divide between poverty and wealth, eroding trust, and depriving individuals of time and resources (Ford, 2007). When looking at white collar crime from a sociological perspective, you can see that is a perfect example of differential association theory. When comparing corporate white collar crime to this theory, corporations use specific tactics to hide its fraud which is learned while conspiring with other employees. When looking at how white collar criminals rationalize their behavior, they use this rationalization as a way to gain their general needs and desires despite the fallout when their fraud is caught. In the case of Enron criminal behavior was learned by its employees because of its loose business ethics and its organizational culture. With an understanding of key traits involved in white collar crime, its easy to see why Enron failed when you dig deeper into to the organizational culture and rituals practiced at Enron. The organizational culture of Enron, for example was the belief that its members must make the corporation prosper by maximizing its profits and expansion in certain ways. This belief was put into action often enough for it to become a ritual of the organization(291). With Enron practicing such loose business ethics, employees saw the practices of the higher executives as a normal way of business within the company, leading to the common practice of deceit within the company. With such deceit running wild thru the company, it allowed executives to set up dummy corporations to offload its debt allowing it to be seen by its shareholders and the public as largely successful. If only one person within the company was committing fraud it would have been noticed long before but when applying differential association theory to the mix, more employees learned of the techniques used to offload the debt and favored the delinquent acts in favor of the law because of their need to secure personal and business advantages. The positivist theory of differential association show how white collar crime is a deviant act committed by a person with an excess associations of deviants. Organizational deviance is not just affiliated at the top but a conglomerate of employees across the company accepting and learning how to socially accept forms of deceit, self-gain, and un-ethical practices. A self-governing organization allows a breeding ground for the corrupt if not property monitored, such as the case for Enron. By Enron practicing outside the law, it breads a culture of deceit by associating employees with criminal behavior. With such deviance the executives had to play a shell game with their debt, which had to bring more employees in to the mix by seducing them with large incentives and a culture of self-gain. By researching into the organizational level of white collar crime, there is a clear indication that the situations and relationships within Enron, created an environment that encouraged white colla r crime. With such an environment, its no wonder so many employees were caught up in the scandal because of the excess in deviant associations. Summary paragraph In 1940, Edwin H. Sutherland coined the term white collar crime. He said situations and relationships within an organization created an environment that encouraged white collar crime. He also believed that it could not be explained at the individual level and that it should be researched at the organizational level. The typical white collar criminal is middle aged, well educated, a trusted employee, and considered a good citizen. Common reasons that a person commits white collar crime are to obtain a material or personal advantage and to avoid the loss of money. The Department of Justice defines white collar crime as illegal act characterized by deceit, concealment, or violation of trust that are not dependent upon the application or threat of force or violence. The definition encompasses both individual and organizational offenders. In the mind of a white collar criminal they view their acts as both acceptable and common to overcome financial difficulties or to make profit for thems elves or their organization. They have the ability to rationalize the fraud because they attach a moral argument to the offense by pointing to higher purposes behind the fraud. When looking in the context of sociological theory, people with regular associations in deviant behavior learn to accept it as a norm within their organization and see fraud as a normal act in their business practices. White collar crime falls in the realm of differential association theory and in the case of Enron; it has a positivist approach to its business culture. Enron was a prime example of how corporate greed and miss leading business practices created a breeding ground for white collar crime by associating its employees with deviant acts daily.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Anxiety Among Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy

Anxiety Among Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy REVIEW OF LITERATURE The review of literature in a research report is a summary of current knowledge about a particular practice- problem. (Nancy Burns 2002). A literature review is an organized writers presentation of what has been published on a topic by the scholars. The task of reviewing literature involves the identification, selection, critical analysis and reporting of existing information on topic of interest. The literatures found relevant and useful for the present study have been organized under the following headings. Literature related to prevalence of anxiety among patients receiving radiation therapy. Literature related to interventions used to reduce anxiety of patient receiving radiation therapy. Literature related to prevalence of anxiety among patients receiving radiation therapy. Donna B. Jeffe (2010) conducted a study among women who received radiation therapy over a period of five years in United Kingdom. The results showed that 35% of women had significant levels of anxiety or depression prior to radiation therapy. 75% women with high levels of anxiety prior to treatment recorded further high scores over the time period of five years. Out of six women who received radiation therapy, one had high anxiety scores during every follow-up. Very few of the womens with initial normal anxiety scores developed significant level of anxiety or depression over time. The study concluded that patients with little education showed higher levels of anxiety and depression over time and emphasized the need for education before radiation therapy. Andersen BL,Tewfik HH (2006) conducted a study to find the psychological reactions towards radiation therapy. Totally 45 patients undergoing external radiation therapy were included in this study. Pre and post radiation assessments of the subjects were done in the areas of state and trait anxiety, somatic complaints, and treatment side effects. Results showed increase in complaints and side effects reported by all patients at the treatment conclusion. Results also showed that (a) patients with an initial high level of anxiety reported a significant reduction, but they remained the most anxious subgroup; (b) patients with a moderate level of treatment anxiety before radiation therapy reported no change; and (c) patients with low levels of anxiety reported significant increase. The study concludes that patients who were either low or high in state anxiety were also characterized by more anger or hostility than patients with moderate level of treatment anxiety. Hans Geinitz, FrankB (2003) conducted a study to evaluate fatigue 2.5ÂÂ  years after radiation treatment in patients with breast cancer and to assess its relation to pre- and immediate post-treatment fatigue values. Totally 41 patients were included in this study whose fatigue value was evaluated during the time of radiation therapy. Out of these 41 patients, 38 were alive and free of cancer 2.5ÂÂ  years after radiation therapies, received the Fatigue Assessment Questionnaire, a visual analog scale on fatigue intensity as well as on cancer-related distress scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Health Survey per mail. All 38 patients returned their questionnaires. The values were compared to pretreatment and immediate post-treatment levels. Cancer-related distress values correlated with the patient fatigue scores. Results showed that Patients with functional impairment had slightly higher fatigue values. Patients with pretreatment elevated fatigue, anxiety or depression levels were at high risk for chronic fatigue. Barrie R. Cassileth Ph.D (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of experience on radiation therapy patients desire for information. Information giving and seeking were explored among 160 cancer patients who were receiving or about to receive radiation therapy. Eighty-two new patients and 78 experienced patients completed a questionnaire to find their knowledge of diagnosis and radiation therapy, expectations about treatment, self-assessment of the adequacy of their knowledge, and desire for additional information. Analysis showed that 92% of the patients reported detailed knowledge of diagnoses. Patients were optimistic about treatment: only one person thought that radiation might not be helpful; 50 percent of the patients had a thought that radiation therapy might cure their disease. Patients who had experience with radiation therapy shown with increased knowledge but they had diminished desire to seek information. Most experienced patients had accurate information, bu t many did not feel well informed. The desire among knowledgeable patients for more information might show the patients uncertainty about the radiation treatment. Lynn kilbride (2007) conducted a study to assess the frequency, severity of anxiety and depression among brain tumor patients between the period of surgery and radiation therapy. Totally 51 patients were included in this study whose anxiety and depression were assessed at three time points; post surgery, three weeks post surgery and prior to radiation therapy. Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale was used. Results indicated a heightened level of anxiety prior to radiation therapy. Five patients had significant depression at the time period between surgery and radiation therapy. Four of the five patients with scores consistent with depression had past histories of depression. The study concluded that a past medical history of depression is a significant predictor of depression before radiation therapy. Arthur peck, MD (2006) conducted a study to assess the emotional reactions of patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 55 patients were included in this study. They were interviewed by a psychiatrist. The focus of initial interview was what they told when they were referred to have radiation therapy. Although 60% were informed by their doctors that they had cancer, all arrived at the treatment center without any preparation for the frequency, number, and the procedure of radiation treatment. Most of the patients believed that requiring radiation therapy was very bad news. They had the fear that radiation might cause further damage and possibly cancer. Few of them only expected it to be curative. Again the patients were interviewed after the completion of radiation treatment. The results showed that the incidence of depression and anxiety was even greater than their pretreatment interviews. More than one third of the patients judged the treatment to be ineffective; they were not realizing that their new distress resulted from the side effects of radiation treatment. In this study only one patient suffered damage due to radiation therapy and 60% were free of signs of cancer at follow up, 1 to 2 years later. This study concluded that patients before radiation therapy suffered from irrational fears of disability and death mainly due to their misconceptions about the radiation therapy. Thomas w.decker (2006) conducted a study to assess the impact of stress, anxiety and depression on quality of life of cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy. Totally 82 outpatients who were undergoing radiation therapy were included in this study. The experimental group (34 patients) received some relaxation training and the control group (29 patients) received the standard education and counseling along with the radiation therapy. The results showed that there was significant (p Yu P. Chen, Ngan M. Tsang (2002) conducted a study to find the causes of interruption of Radiation therapy in patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Taiwan. A total of 3273 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were treated at the Radiation Oncology Department from 1979 to 1996 were included in this study. Among these patients, 276 did not complete the full course of radiation treatment. The medical records of these patients were reviewed to determine the factors contributing to treatment interruption. Results showed that the acute side effects and complications caused by radiation therapy were the major factors influencing patients decisions to discontinue the treatment. This study suggested that more attention should be paid to take care of acute side effects of radiation ÂÂ ­therapy and also reinforcing the patient with education is important. Santhosh K.Chaturvedi (1998) conducted a study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients receiving radiation therapy in India. A total of 100 patients referred to radiation therapy were included. All patients were administered the hospital anxiety and depression scale before starting the radiation therapy, after the completion of radiation therapy, and at 3-4 months follow-up. Anxiety and depression were detected frequently in patients receiving radiation therapy both prior to treatment and later during follow up. Frequency of anxiety significantly increased after initiating radiation therapy, but later reduced during follow up assessment. Hoyle Leigh (1987) conducted a study to assess the psychological factors affecting survival in cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 101 patients receiving radiation therapy were evaluated for anxiety, depression, and perception of the seriousness of their condition. In 3 years, the survivors were compared to the non survivors. The survivors had significantly higher mean trait anxiety (p Literature related to interventions used to reduce anxiety of patient receiving radiation therapy. Georgia K.B Halkett (2010) conducted a study to assess the effective communication and provision in radiation therapy and role of the radiation therapists. Health professionals have a duty of care to radiotherapy patients in providing them with adequate information before treatment. The aim of the study was to (a) explore how radiation therapists communicate with breast cancer patients during a radiation therapy planning appointment (b) determine what information is provided during this appointment and (c) explore radiation therapists perspectives on their role in providing patient information and support. A total of 110 radiation therapists were participated in this survey. They simulated 2 radiotherapy planning appointments and held 2 forums. The study concluded that Radiation therapists play an important role in communicating with patients and providing information, especially if patients exhibit anxiety and distress. Christie R. Eheman (2010) conducted a study to assess the information-seeking styles among cancer patients before and after treatment by demographics and use of information sources. Totally 731 cancer patients attending outpatient clinics for cancer treatments were surveyed during the pre treatment and post treatment period. The study evaluated the relationships between information-seeking style (active, moderately active, and passive styles) and demographics, cancer type, and health status for the pretreatment and post treatment periods and overall. The generalized estimating equations approach was used to model the log odds of more active to more passive information-seeking preferences taking into consideration both the pretreatment and post treatment periods. The results showed that prior to treatment, 17% reported an active information-seeking style, 69% were moderately active, and 14% were passive. Raymond Chan (2009) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of orientation program on levels of anxiety and self efficacy among newly registered cancer patients who were waiting for chemotherapy or radiation therapy in a cancer centre in Australia. A randomized control study was used and interventions given like a face-to-face program which includes introduction to the hospital facilities, introduction to the multi-disciplinary team and an overview of treatment side effects and self care strategies. The aim of the study was to orientate patients to the cancer centre and to meet the health care team. Results showed improvement in self-efficacy of patients and demonstrated potential improvement in health outcomes. The study also reported that there were only limited studies on orientation program for cancer patients particularly with respect to the use of multidisciplinary team members. YvonneÂÂ  Zissiadisa (2009) conducted a study to assess the impact of more intensive written information in patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 194 patients were included in this study. The experimental group (102) received more intensive information and control group (92) received the standard consultation. State trait anxiety scale was completed prior to their first consultation at the time of simulation and at the completion of radiotherapy. Information satisfaction questionnaire to assess the patients satisfaction was also completed at the time of simulation prior to radiation therapy. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups with regard to mean satisfaction scores with the overall information given. Results showed that more intensive information did not significantly change the patients satisfaction, anxiety scores. But the patients were generally very satisfied with the information they received but they were less satisfied w ith the information on lifestyle issues. Eva J.E. Christensen, B.Sc (2006) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of interventions to relieve pain and anxiety during radiation therapy. The main objective of this study was to assess the discomfort and anxiety during radiation therapy, which can increase patient motion leading to decreased treatment accuracy. Totally 2051 subjects were included in this study. They were given different interventions like placebo, hypnotherapy, aromatherapy, music therapy and guided imagery including pharmacological interventions. Results showed that guided imagery showed benefits in terms of pain. And the study concluded that relaxation therapies may decrease anxiety during radiation therapy, evidence supports the benefit of pharmacological interventions for pain and anxiety for specific radiological procedures and selection of common criteria for reporting pain and anxiety is valuable for further studies. Cartledge Hoff A, Haaga DA(2005) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of an education program on radiation oncology patients and family. Information was presented in oral and in written form. After the intervention, orientation program participants did not differ significantly from control group members in state anxiety, general distress, treatment adherence, or knowledge of radiation therapy. Orientation group patients reported greater satisfaction with clinic care, and the orientation group had significant utilization of the psychological counseling services within the clinic, as well as outside support. Jeff Dunnab,(2004) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of targeted treatment education for cancer patients to promote adjustment through assisting patients to participate in treatment decision making, comply with treatment regimens and cope more effectively with treatment side effects. Totally 92 patients included in this study, randomized into experimental and control groups. The experimental group patients were given video information about radiation therapy. Pre test post test and follow up design was used. Results showed that there were no significant difference between the control and experimental group. However, patients in the intervention group reported high levels of satisfaction with the video and all reported that they would recommend the video to other patients waiting for radiation therapy. In the experimental group 90% of patients reported that most of the information received through the video was new to them. C.D.Linde, A.D.Stuart (2002) conducted a study to find the effectiveness of cognitive relaxation-visualization intervention in reducing the anxiety of patients receiving radiation therapy. Totally 88 female patients were taken for this study. The aim of the study was to find the effectiveness of the intervention in two groups. One group (N = 72) waiting for being pre-diagnosis and the other group (N = 16) before beginning radiation therapy treatment. Personal anxiety inventory was used to assess the anxiety. The results indicated that the intervention was effective in reducing anxiety for both the groups. It also concluded that patients had perceived the presence of an empathic individual during the time of diagnosis and before radiation treatment as being of greatest value. Taking interventions to reduce the anxiety before diagnosis and cancer treatment was very important. Lundberg pranne C.PhD,RN (2001) conducted a study among Buddhist patients with cancer undergoing radiation therapy to assess their feelings, satisfaction and coping with nurse provided education and support before radiation therapy. In this study 90 males and 89 females participated. The results showed that the most common feelings about radiation therapy of both the genders were acceptance and womens felt more anxiety compared to men. The most common ways of coping with the radiation therapy for both genders were rest, relaxation and communicate with their family or friends. The result showed that the satisfaction of patients with nurse provided education and support was higher among the men. The study concluded that when oncology nurses provide education to radiation therapy patients, it is very important that they should be well known about their patients characteristics including their cultural values and religious beliefs. D Haese S, Vinh-Hung (2000) conducted a study to assess the timing of provision of information to reduce anxiety and to improve satisfaction of cancer patients receiving radiation treatment. Two sources of informations were used (a) a booklet with a stepwise overall description of radiation treatment (b) teaching sheets with all the information about the radiation treatment site. Totally 68 patients were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to simultaneous information group and stepwise information group. Assessments were recorded before the simulation (p=0.02) and more satisfied (p=0.0001). Results showed that information given through a stepwise format leads to less anxiety towards the radiation treatment and patients were satisfied more before the simulation procedure. D haese S, Vinh-Hung (2000) conducted a study to assess the timing of provision of information to reduce anxiety and to improve satisfaction of cancer patients receiving radiation treatment. Two sources of informations were used (a) a booklet with a stepwise overall description of radiation procedure (b) teaching sheets with all the information about the radiation treatment site. Totally 68 patients were included in this study. They were randomly assigned to simultaneous information group and stepwise information group. Assessments were recorded before the simulation, 2nd week and at the end of radiation treatment. Results showed that information given through a stepwise format leads to less anxiety (p=0.002) and satisfaction (0.00001) towards the radiation treatment before the simulation procedure. Conclusion The review of literature enlightened the investigator to develop an insight into the radiation therapy anxiety, orientation program and its effects in the review of literature. Many studies were conducted to reduce the level of pre radiation therapy anxiety, particularly the education before radiation therapy have shown more significant results throughout the entire course of treatment. These reviews helped the investigator to gain a deeper knowledge of the research problem and guided in designing the study.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: essays research papers

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book opens with a scene of a ship in the Arctic Ocean. The ship is stuck in the ice and unable to move. Robert Walton, the ship's captain, is writing letters to his sister back home. The letters tell of his explorations and the events that occur on the ship. Walton's crew pulls abord a lifeless body and revive the man back to life. This man is Victor Frankenstein. Walton and Frankenstein talk about why Victor is in the Arctic and Victor explains the horrible and tragic story of the past few years of his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Victor was born to a very wealthy and popular family. While he was still young his parents adopted a young girl with whom Victor would grow up with and eventually fall in love with her. Victor goes through medical school and becomes very good friends a classmate, Henry Clerval. Even though Victors young life seams perfect it is all about to change. Victor's mother died when he was still young and her death would change him for the rest of his life. After Victor's mother's death Victor swore he would conquer the mortality of humans. Victor, once he was out of medical school, he began to work on his theory of conquering death. He collected numerous body parts and put them together and used a special technique to bring the corpse to life. At first Victor thought he had failed, but the creature sat up and was alive. Victor was horrified by his own creation and fled his laboratory. The monster then disappeared into the city. Two years pasted and the monster wasn't heard from, until something terrible happened. Victor's younger brother William was strangled to death. It was believed that William's nanny and close friend of the family, Justine, had murdered him. A lynch mob gathered and drug her off and hanged her. Later on Victor saw his creature and realized that the monster murdered his brother not Justine. Victor still in shock after his brother's death went to the mountains. The monster followed him there. When Victor stopped the monster confronted him. The monster explained to Victor how he survived while in hiding. He told Victor of the family he watched through a crack in the wall of the abandoned shack he stayed in and how he learned to read, write, and talk from these people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a long and detailed conversation the monster told Victor of his deal. The monster wanted Victor to create another being similar to himself. The monster realized that he was hideous and that no normal human could or would

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Right to Bear Arms Essay -- argumentative, persuasive, gun control

Currently, The United States of America is at war against 27 words that were written by James Madison in 1789. The Bill of Rights is known as the first 10 amendments to The Constitution of the United States. The Bill of Rights states the rights of its citizens. The Second Amendment states: â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed†(Madison). Many people have argued that â€Å"to keep and bear arms† is not very obvious. James Madison is not alive to clear up this misunderstanding that, for hundreds of years, has caused controversies. Some experts argue that, gun ownership laws should be relaxed because this country cannot guarantee the safety of its citizens. Others say that gun ownership laws should not be relaxed because it would increase the number of weapons and increase the availability of weapons for criminals. And thus, the debate over the right to bear arm s continues, again. Gun ownership is a hot topic in this country. The United States has almost always been a country know for its’ lenient gun laws. â€Å"Gun Ownership is a civil liberty protected by the Second Amendment of The Constitution† (Roth 1). The Constitution says that we can â€Å"bear arms†, which in turn, makes it very complicated to make a simple change/addition of words. States can choose to make restrictions to state laws as long as it follows the amendments and the U.S. Constitution. For example, states can take different paths when it comes to the death penalty as long as it is constitutional. â€Å"Illinois is one of only two states—the other is Wisconsin—that does not allow some sort of concealed carry by its’ residents† (Brownfield). 48 other states allow concealed we... ...eryone on the ‘lookout’, it is hard to just live your life. â€Å"None of these bills actually prevent violence. Rather, they help deteriorate the quality of life in our communities† (Roth 1). Guns are ruining our communities by showing the people that it is acceptable to take action if you are frightened. Sometimes, taking action can be the worst possible solution to a crisis. If a person takes action, it shows that you are brave, but, it also shows the criminal that you are actually a threat to them. This would raise the death toll significantly. As you now know, gun ownership is a very arguable topic. Countless people believe that guns will help citizens protect themselves when targeted for a crime, whereas, a large handful of citizens say that guns â€Å"help deteriorate the quality of life in our communities† (Roth 1). What if all the guns in the world just vanished?

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Eid Ul Azha

Eid is a great festival for Muslims. There are two Eid occasion- Eid ul fitr and Eid ul adha. Muslims celebrate these festivals with great respect and pleasure. Eid ul fitr is celebrated after the month of Ramadan. Eid ul adha is celebrated in 10th Jilhajj. We celebrated Eid ul adha in last month. Eid ul adha remembers the prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son when God ordered him to. God appeared in a dream to Ibrahim and told him to sacrifice his son Isma'il. According to Islamic tradition, approximately four thousand years ago, the valley of Mecca (in what is now Saudi Arabia) was a dry, rocky and uninhabited place.Ibrahim was instructed to bring his Egyptian wife Hajirah and Ishmael, his only child at the time to Arabia from the land of Canaan by Allah's command. As Ibrahim was preparing for his return journey back to Canaan, Hajirah asked him, â€Å"Did Allah order you to leave us here? Or are you leaving us here to die. † Ibrahim turned around to face his wi fe. He was so sad that he couldn't say anything. He pointed to the sky showing that Allah commanded him to do so. Hajirah said, â€Å"Then Allah will not waste us; you can go†.Though Ibrahim had left a large quantity of food and water with Hajirah and Ishmael, the supplies quickly ran out, and within a few days the two began to feel the pangs of hunger and dehydration. Hajirah ran up and down between two hills called Al-Safa and Al-Marwah seven times, in her desperate quest for water. Exhausted, she finally collapsed beside her baby Ishmael and prayed to Allah for deliverance. Miraculously, a spring of water gushed forth from the earth at the feet of baby Ishmael. Other accounts have the angel Jibrail striking the earth and causing the spring to flow in abundance.With this secure water supply, known as the Zamzam Well, they were not only able to provide for their own needs, but were also able to trade water with passing nomads for food and supplies. Years later, Ibrahim was i nstructed by Allah to return from Canaan to build a place of worship adjacent to Zamzam well Ibrahim and Ishmael constructed a stone and mortar structure —known as the Kaaba— which was to be the gathering place for all who wished to strengthen their faith in Allah. As the years passed, Ishmael was blessed with Prophethood (Nubuwwah) and gave the nomads of the desert his message of submission to Allah.After many centuries, Mecca became a thriving desert city and a major center for trade, thanks to its reliable water source, the well of Zamzam. One of the main trials of Ibrahim's life was to face the command of Allah to devote his dearest possession, his only son. Upon hearing this command, he prepared to submit to Allah's will. During this preparation, Satan (Shaitan) tempted Ibrahim and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out Allah's commandment, and Ibrahim drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him.In commemoration of their rejection of Satan, stones are thrown at symbolic pillars signifying Satan during the Hajj rites. When Ishmael was about 13 (Ibrahim being 99), Allah decided to test their faith in public. Ibrahim had a recurring dream, in which Allah was commanding him to offer his son as a sacrifice – an unimaginable act – sacrificing his son, which Allah had granted him after many years of deep prayer. Ibrahim knew that the dreams of the prophets were divinely inspired, and one of the ways in which Allah communicated with his prophets.When the intent of the dreams became clear to him, Ibrahim decided to fulfill Allah's command and offer Ishmael for sacrifice. Although Ibrahim was ready to sacrifice his dearest for Allah's sake, he could not just go and drag his son to the place of sacrifice without his consent. Ishmael had to be consulted as to whether he was willing to give up his life as fulfillment to Allah's command. This consultation would be a major test of Ishmael's maturity in faith, love and commitm ent for Allah, willingness to obey his father and sacrifice his own life for the sake of Allah.Ibrahim presented the matter to his son and asked for his opinion about the dreams of slaughtering him. Ishmael did not show any hesitation or reservation even for a moment. He said, â€Å"Father, do what you have been commanded. You will find me, Insha'Allah (Allah willing), to be very patient. † His mature response, his deep insight into the nature of his father’s dreams, his commitment to Allah, and ultimately his willingness to sacrifice his own life for the sake of Allah were all unprecedented.Ibrahim could not bear to watch his son die so he covered his eyes by a blindfold. When he cut Ishmael's throat and removed the blindfold, he was astonished to see that Ishmael was unharmed and instead, he found a dead sheep which was slaughtered. Ibrahim had passed the test by his willingness to carry out Allah's command. As a reward for this sacrifice, Allah then granted Ibrahim the good news of the birth of his second son, Is-haaq. And We gave him the good news of Is-haaq, a prophet from among the righteous.Ibrahim had shown that his love for Allah superseded all others: that he would lay down his own life or the lives of those dearest to him in submission to Allah's command. Muslims commemorate this ultimate act of sacrifice every year during Eid al-Adha. I celebrated Eid ul adha with my family in Chittagong. Our eid vacation was started 17 October. I went to Chittagong with a great pleasure. Before 3 days of eid my father bought a cow to sacrifice for Allah. The eid was celebrated at 27th October. On that day I take bath in 7. 00 am.Then I help my mother in cooking. My father was going to slay cow and collect beef. My father returned home at 1. 00 pm. Then my mother cooked meat. At afternoon I get out with my friends. I visited my friends’ house. My friends were gathering in one of my friend’s house and chatting. At 9. 00 pm I returned home . I took my supper with my family. I was tired but I enjoyed the festival. After 7 days I returned to Dhaka. It was an enjoyable Eid celebration. Dhaka is a busy city. Everyone is busy with his own business. I miss my Eid days in this busy life. â€Å"Thank You†

Integrating school safety data for the purpose of safe school program evaluation Essay

Abstract This paper addresses the yield of domesticate harmlessty and what should be through to rise it. The inquire for every s c every forholders the regime, the indoctrinatetime administrations and confederation to facilitate un panicked drilldays provision and thus essentially raise indoctrinate steady-goingty argon evenly taken into c beation. The paper further set asides whatsoever of the indicators that be considered while implementing an centreive undecomposed inculcatehouse envision and how to assess and prize the proved programs. This in essence, provides a habitual picture of promoting tame uprightty so that happenings of crime substructure be lessened.In addition, the consider to create an enhanced gum elastic environs necessitys to be change in every give lessons since it has a direct electric shock to the performance of educatetimes. entering This paper considers selective information that impart provide the way best reh earses and prove programs rat be use to enhance educate asylum. Such a program that has been considered is teenage Accountability Incentive Block grants (JAIBG). This assortment of a program considers the underlying enclose that young people who violet the impartialitys need to be held accountable for the offenses if society is to reform the quality of life in the nations communities.It is to this effect that the paper goes beyond and evaluates the office of the upstarts in relation to the environment they live in and early(a) surrounding factors. Consequences or sanctions that be applied swiftly, surely, and consistently and be gradational to provide appropriate and in force(p) responses to a varying levels offense seriousness and wrongdoer continuings get going open up, in frustrateing, controlling and reducing further jurisprudence violations. There is, wherefore the need to use best practices and much(prenominal) corresponding be programs to enhance check resort.Further more than, the good groom formulation procedures seduce to involve all the stakeholders including parent, teachers, g overnment and the community and of course the disciples. Safe shallows and School Planning In close to cases statistics and the government reports determine uninjured naturalises hardly this ought not to be an end by itself. various questions are raised in formation a safe instruct delinquent to the difficulty that bangs along with the definition. A safe train is considered angiotensin converting enzyme in which guards police the halls, metal detectors protect all entrances and all violent incidents are account to the police.Creating a safe school goes beyond eliminating knifing, rubbish and shootings. delirium is overly subtle things such as name calling misgiving of being ridiculed teasing offensive piteous racial, ethical, cultural, or sexual slurs and bullying (Hernandez, 2004). This shows that most furiousness in school does not occur overnight but it fortifys over a period of time. According to (Stevick and Levinson, 2003), furiousness is the most extreme manifestation of grip of styles that run contrary to schools expectations and purposesA safe school is the one in which the essential climate allows students, teachers, administrators, provide, and visitors to interact in a positive, non-threatening manner that reflects the educational mission of the school while fostering positive kinships and face-to-face growth. In addition a safe school is one, which repeated absenteeism, inadequate performance, or dropouts, withdrawals or transfers due to feeling afraid in school are increasingly reduced. Incidences of disruption, crime and violence are more and more reduced too. Safe school planning is a clear and concise plan for creating a safe school climate.This requires collaborative efforts of parents, students, school personnel, and communities. The plan should contain a pen act and discipline code, and constitution for annual construct inspections to eliminate barriers to sentry duty and a policy for annual written report regarding learning environment to be submitted to the relevant political science. These are proactive measures that should be taken to reduce if not eliminating school- base crimes. A all-inclusive planning process based on state law, gives a rule of thumb to a school and the community at large in developing a plan that is relevant and in force(p). Best practice and Proven ProgramsBest practice is a focal point ideal, which asserts that on that point is a technique, method, process, body process incentive, or reward that is more effective at delivering a particular publication than any other technique, method, process, etc. These are essentially the most efficient and effective ways of accomplishing a task. They are based on repeated procedures that stand proven themselves over time for large poesy of people. On the other spe nd proven programs are those have sh witness success in their repeated use. though this is the case, proven programs have to adjust depending on the rising challenges in our society.The proven programs are bound to come up with positive results that are manifested by base hit school environment. Purpose of the proven programs is to promote school arctic by increasing student accountably for their behavior. This facilitates the development of creative well-conserved function based programs that work with both juvenile offenders who are referred by law enforcement agents, or which are launchinged in corporation with law enforcement officials to protect student and school personnel from drug, gang and young person violence.It must be noted, however the accountability based programs operate most efficaciously when they are part of a comprehensive collaborative start out involving a replete(p) range of partners including students, parents, school faculty, and staff, community residence, members of communities organization, law enforcement justice authorities. Partnership with local juvenile justice systems and schools to realize and maintain accountability based programs, and students accountability must work in concert with institutional accountability that addresses the underlying causes of students violence and mis manner.School precaution programs that emphasis student accountability brook be build on the run across of successful community-based wrong cake and interpolation programs. Comprehensive dodge for serious, violent and chronic juvenile offenders and safe futures program are specimens that have proven effective in addressing juvenile delinquency (Wilson, 1993). The comprehensive strategy provides a blue print for put ining a continuum of palm to meet the needs of at-risk or delinquent youth while defend the public from harm.It promotes a magisterial approach to prevention and the use of graduate sanctions in dealing with the offen ses committed by such undivideds and advocates the developments of partnerships between the juvenile court, law enforcement and community. some of the programmatic strategies derived from the comprehensive strategy and the safe futures programs are applicable to accountability-based school pencil eraser initiatives accept emphasis on juvenile accountability, develop an expanded and unified network of affectionate services.In provision of comprehensive strategies at that place is involvement of law enforcement as a stake holder in community-based efforts to prevent and respond to delinquency. Accountability in a school environment means expecting students to pursue with school rules and regulations that reflect community standards or behavior and where necessary, addressing students misconduct with appropriate conduct including school discipline. Programs provoke take a comprehensive approach to reducing delinquency and misconduct in schools by building student accountabili ty into the school polish.Efforts to enhance school safety should be fully integrated into all aspect of school operation including the learning environment curriculum, administration, staff selection and staff training. Enhancing School preventative through Assessment and Evaluation In enhancing school safety there is the need to pick up all the indicators that distinguish a safe school from unsafe schools. champion of the indictors that characterize a safe school is the orderliness of the school. This involves a creation of a climate of mutual respect and responsibility.This mess be evaluated by the way students concern to others, teachers and staff. Expectations about this amicable relationship are what are accepted and consequences for unacceptable behavior are known and applied where appropriate. some other parameter to measure, evaluate and enhance school safety is to procure that the school has existent plans, and implement the plans progressively. In addition there should be policies and procedures that address the safety of the school. When these issues are point in place the schools safety is enhance and evaluated.Measures that check the number of trespassers, incident of vandalism, reasons for absenteeism and number of firearms and other guns have to be taken into account to enhance safety in schools. The environment in which an individual lives in has one to one relationship with the criminal or non-criminal behaviors. In considering the environment there is the need to use detestation Prevention Environment Design to ensure that safety at school is enhanced. This design takes into consideration the relationship between carnal environment and the users of that environment.It is evenly important to eff that the users of the environment both criminals and honest similar are conscious their environment. They therefore sewer know and recognize a safe and unsafe environment. In doing so, the environment can be make safe by ensuring that buildings are built in an well-organized way. The doors and windows should not be obstructed. The streets and routes in the school should be well labeled and directions shown. Apart from this these routes and buildings should be under twenty-four hours surveillance to superintend intruders and strangers.Equally important is the lighting system, which should be checked to ensure that criminals do not take advantage of the dark alleys. If all this is taken into account then there is high possibility of enhancing school safety. In this sense there is also need to consider the orderliness of the school by taking measures to ensure this. Taking measures in considering the referrals the school gets and the reasons enhances orderliness of a school. likewise the orderliness of a school is reflected by the number of suspensions both in-school and out of school and the performance index of the school.It is inevitable to consider the orderliness of a school because it has one to one relatio nship with the safety of the school. The more orderly the school is the more safety it tend to be and the vice versa is correct. A warmth school also does a lot of good in enhancing its own safety. Schools, which care, are characterized by taking guardianship of the rate of and reasons for absenteeism in the school. A caring school should consider their staffs turn over-we have had of cases where the students have been incited by their teachers to do crimes for example going on strikes.This can be so when the teachers are against some of the management policies. It is therefore important for schools to care for the se issues and also the rate of students transfer. It is when the management put their efforts to enhance the discussed issues that the school safety is recognise in the long run. To evaluate a schools safety assessment, safety concerns of members of the school community should be through with(p) through persuasions, for example. The information gathered from the val ue ought to be used in the creation of the safe school plan so that safety concerns can be addressed. endless measurement of safety concerns need to take place so that actions can be adjusted to address concerns. On the hand to evaluate orderliness of a school, assessments of reasons of discommode need to occur. From these assessments, a code of conduct reflecting behavioral expectations can be open up as part of the safe school plan. refreshen of the reasons for disorder should help establish the code of conduct. Adjustments to the code should be made based upon continuous review of the school orderliness.This in essence, the use of the available selective information will enable the concerned parties to enhance school safety. School Safety entropy in the Evaluation of Programs Data is decisive in evaluation of the programs that reduce risk in school. Data from Indicators of School criminal offence and Safety 2005 shows that, 17 percent of students in grade 9-12 reported they carried a weapon anywhere and six percent reported they had carried a weapon in school. Though the info show that this is a stock from the previous year, it is still shocking and calls for corporal responsibility to all stake holders.The information collected in this report also identified other indicators of unsafe school like drugs availability in school and violent incidents at school. The entropy found in the Indicator reports for the five sequential years has been used or integrated in the safety programs for the purpose of enhancing school safety. The data equally highlights reported of other actions which are frequently neglected but have a direct impact to the eventual safety of the school like use of hate- think words.Safety school data collected reported incidents what could be classified advertisement or determined if a school is safe or not. The data ranges from obstinance of weapon, sex offences, use of alcohol and drugs, vandalism, burglary among others. The s afety of schools in this case is determined by the rates of transfers, suspensions and expulsions. The data shows that there are no incidents of unsafe schools in this state. each the stakeholders, the teachers, school administration, the community and the state can attribute this to the measures that have been taken.The data used reflected the percentages of students who smoked cigarettes and marijuana in a period of six months. This was considered alongside the strategies for prevention and creating a safe school. The effects of psychic health from the use of drugs are equally indispensable. Another source of data was the community. The communities that care survey of student levels of risk and overprotective factors were also considered. The data used was from survey carried out about students from grade 6-12. The data from the Kansas department of Education was used.The set data includes information regarding the numbers of felonies, expulsions, suspensions, misdemeanors and violent acts on school grounds for various schools. This data was from the year 2000 to 2004. School years were include in this database in order to establish a baseline by which to equality data from the school years in which the safe school initiative will be implemented. Conclusion The issue of safe schools is an issue that should be taken with a lot of seriousness bearing in mind the number of criminal related incidents that occur in the school.It is the obligation of all the stakeholders to ensure that they work towards the betterment of school environment in terms of surveillance- it should be a collective responsibility. Educators should consider natural safety as well as intellectual and emotional safety. To promote rattling safe schools, educators must understand the culture of all their students and the communities they serve, and help all the students understand and respect the culture and the climate of the schools they attend.On the other hand, the state and the educa tional authorities have to come up with policies that the school safety is enhanced. Thorough scrutinisation of these policies will at least ensure that the school and the community do not neglect their roles in enhancing safety in schools. References Aspy, C. (2004) Adolescent violence The protective effects of youth assets. diary of counseling and development, 286-277 Hernandez, T (2004) A safe school climate A systematic approach and the school counselor. Professional school counseling 7 (4) 256-62.Stevick, E. (2003). From noncompliance to aquilege Capturing student perspectives to Understand Non- compliance and Violence in Public Schools. Urban Review 35 (4) 323-49 Vail K. (2004) Troubling rise in school violence. American School progress Journal 191(1) 9-10 Wilson, R. (1991) Violence Prevention for vernal Adolescents A Survey of the State of Art. invigorated York Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development. Witt, P. (1996) Public diversion in High Risk Environments Program s that Work. Arlington, AV National Recreation Park.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Gender Discrimination in the Workforce

Although on that point keep back been decades of hard win civil rights gains for wo men, we do non yet tarry in a sexual activity blind society. Sexism perpetuates a cycle of unfulfilled aspirations among women. Public policies ar organism scrutinized low ever stricter statutory microscopes, and an atmosphere of edginess intimately the future pervades our national consciousness a future beset with economic challenges from abroad, technological entry at home, a demographic revolution in our surveyforce, and a re-stratification of society. Restrictions on womens access to and engagement in the workforce take on the occupy spreading and the glass detonating device.We will discuss the chthonicmenti matchlessd laws that pack helped women make principal(prenominal) strides in the workforce, cracking (but non breaking) the glass ceiling so they could climb up the corporate ladder the 1963 touch on look at comprise, backing VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, exe cutive coiffes 11246/11375, the 1968 come along disparity in Employment Act, and the 1978 maternalism secernment Act. In addition, we will will reasons for the continuing network distinction against young-bearing(prenominal)s, a recent case study of permeative gender dis savvy resulting in a 152. 5 billion dollar ettlement by one hale k in a flashn employer who was sued, and locomote women clear germinate to appease making strides toward an pertain opportunity workforce. Legislation requiring embody cave in for women was first introduced in 1945 in credit of womens war work. Business owners and labor brass sections succeeded in thwarting the effort, in part because of the perceived command for women to result the labor force to create vacancies for return(a) servicemen. By the end of the 1950s, policymakers were decorous concerned close insufficient use of womanpower.In 1963, relation back passed the Equal allowance Act as an amendment to the Fair Labor St andards Act of 1938 to imply employers to pay tinct wages to men and women doing disturb work on jobswhich require equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and argon per rolled under similar on the job(p) conditions. The Equal pass on Act was the first federal official effort to take out favouritism by private employers on the home of gender. The Equal Pay Act has limitations in its enforcement of defend women for skilful- sentence, form- round workers, the 2009 American Community Survey median(prenominal) gelt for women were 78. 2 ercent of mens earnings $35,549 comp ard with $45,485. Further much, womens earnings were lower than mens in all of the 50 states. One division after passing the Equal Pay Act, Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which made it unlawful to discriminate base on a persons race, religion, color, or commove. Title VII attacks sex variety to a greater cessation broadly than the Equal Pay Act extending not totally to wages but to compe nsation, stern, conditions, or privileges of troth.Thus with the Equal Pay Act and Title VII, an employer cannot deny women equal pay for equal work, deny women transfers, romotions, or wage increases, manipulate job evaluations to regulate womens pay, or intentionally segregate men and women into jobs according to their gender. In 1971 Reed v. Reed became the first case that the unequivocal judicatory would uphold Title VII to, and then protecting women from sex unlikeness. One year quest the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued executive director separate 11246 as a directive as to how the act should be interpreted and followed. Executive oldenure 11246 prohibited public and g all everywherenment sector employers from iscriminating ground on race, color, religion, or national origin, but not sex. Executive Order 11246 was amended by Executive Order 11375 on October 13, 1967 after sexual torment became an issue. Sex would today be embroild as a category that could not be discriminated against by an employer. Executive Order 11375 meant to ensure that women would not be exploited sexually to advance their c atomic number 18ers. Women were to now be protect in the workplace from supervisors and coworkers who did not take into consideration the concept of personal space or offensive language and conduct.Legal regulations now banned these behaviors and legal pull by means of could be taken if they did occur. Executive Order 11375 meant women should no longer have to worry about being discriminated against in the workplace in terms of being hired or released. Executive Order 11375 meant that Affirmative Action (of Executive Order 11246) now utilize to women as well. Affirmative Action is an organizations active effort to find opportunities to hire or promote people in a particular group (in this instance, women). Affirmative Action plans essential consist of an equal opportunity policy statement, an su mmary of he current work force, identification of underrepresented areas, the government activity of reasonable, flexible goals and timetables for increasing employment opportunities, precise action-oriented programs to orchestrate problem areas, support for community action programs, and the mental home of an internal audit and reporting system. Contractors receiving to a greater extent than $10,000 from the federal government must(prenominal) take approbatory action, and those especial(a) $50,000 must develop a written affirmative action plan for each of their establishments. The plan must be in place within cxx days of the beginning of the contract.Employers whose contracts meet minimum size requirements must engage in affirmative action to ensure against discrimination. Employers must consider all pendant individuals for employment, must choose without regard to gender (now a protected category), and must engage in outreach to countenance the broadest possible group o f qualified individuals to enter the offer or applicant pool. In 1967 Congress passed the Age inequality in Employment Act. The ADEA branches from the debate on Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the asis of race, color, national origin, or sex, but not age. President Lyndon Johnson strongly believed that age was a maturement issue among Americans. This law prohibits discrimination of men and women employees over the age of 40 and forbids companies to base employment determinations all on an applicants age. The Equal fortune Commission enforces this act but there are even numerous complaints filed yearly from workers who are experiencing discrimination because of their age. For m each years, elderly workers have felt that they are losing out to their younger coworkers.The Age Discrimination in Employment Act attempts to eliminate the gap amidst younger and one-time(a) employees. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act applies to championshipes with 15 or more employees working 20 or more weeks per year including employees in state and local government, federal government, employment agencies, and labor organizations. The ADEA helps protect unlawful discrimination of older individuals that can occur when applying or interviewing for jobs. The Age Discrimination Act protects employees by prohibiting employers to include age preferences or limitations in job applications and advertisements.Under the ADEA it is not expressly interdict to ask an applicants age, but it is nearly examined to make sure the query was made for a legitimate purpose. Despite the Age Discrimination Act, The exacting Court recently changed what qualifies as successfully turn up age discrimination. Companies come up with multiple reasons wherefore an employee is terminated without mentioning age, when in actuality the employees age is the only factor. Seniors are a growing population and many are planning to work past their seclusio n age. Discrimination against age is not only poignant individual employees but ociety as a whole. An employee now has to prove that their age was the furbish up reason for their employers actions, therefore older workers can barely force or prosecute age discrimination. In 2007, 60-year-old okeh City Teacher Judy Jones filed an age discrimination causal agent against the superintendant who eliminated her teaching position and reassigned her to an office job as a principal. Judys salary decreased and benefits were stirred during her certify year as principal, while prepare directors and the superintendant himself frequently commented on Judys age and seclusion plans.The district dally rejected her claim because she could not show sufficient evidence that her age was the furbish up reason for her relocated position and reduced pay. in that location have been successful outcomes to Age Discrimination campaigns as the U. S. Equal Opportunity Commission recently aerated two companies with age discrimination. A 70-year- old chemist at the Honolulu Kmart was awarded $120,000 after higher counsel habitually commented on, and wrote about, her elderly age, causing her humiliation and compel her to retire. In anformer(a) case, a 75-year-old qualified receptionist was fire establish on ge after her second day at work at ablaze(p) Rock Western Jeep Tours Inc. She filed a lawsuit and it was settled in a $35,000 payout. The gestation period Discrimination Act of 1978 defines discrimination on the basis of m early(a)hood and childbirth or any former(a) form of illegal sex discrimination. This act is meant to ensure that no woman will be subject to non-hire by an employer out-of-pocket(p) to pregnancy. She is to be sueed the same(p) as any other(a) individual and is to be guaranteed benefits and accommodations based on the same policies and procedures as any other employee with a disability.Pregnancy discrimination occurs when expectant haves are fired, not hired, or otherwise discriminated against due to their pregnancy or intention to become pregnant. Common forms of pregnancy discrimination include not being hired due to visible pregnancy or managelihood of change state pregnant, being fired after informing an employer of ones pregnancy, being fired during gestation discontinue, and receiving a pay dock due to ones pregnancy. In 1978, the U. S. Congress passed the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, an amendment to the sex discrimination section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Pregnancy DiscriminationAct states that discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or cogitate medical exam conditions constitutes unlawful sex discrimination under Title VII. This clause skip overs employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. Title VII in addition applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government. Women who are pregnant or bear on by pregnancy -related conditions must be treated in the same manner as other applicants or employees with similar abilities or limitations. An employer whitethorn not individual(a) out pregnancy related conditions to determine an mployees ability to work. However, if an employer requires its employees to submit a doctors statement concerning their inability to work beforehand granting draw or paying sick benefits, the employer may require employees affected by pregnancy-related conditions to submit such statements. If an employee is temporarily unable to perform her job because of her pregnancy, the employer must treat her the same way as any other temporarily disabled employee. Pregnant employees must be permitted to work as long as they are able to perform their jobs.If an employee has been absent from work as a result of a pregnancy-related condition nd recovers, her employer may not require her to remain on feed until the babys birth. An employer likewise may not have a rule that prohib its an employee from returning to work for a predetermined length of time after childbirth. Employers must hold spread a position for a woman who has been absent due to pregnancy-related issues for the same length of time jobs are held open for employees on sick or disability leave. any(prenominal) health insurance allow ford by an employer must cover expenses for pregnancy- related conditions on the same basis as costs for other medical conditions. An employer need ot come through health insurance for expenses arising from abortion, except when the life of the mother is endangered. Pregnancy-related expenses should be reimbursed exactly as those incurred for other medical conditions, whether payment is on a fixed basis or a pctage of a specific amount. The amounts payable by the insurance provider can be limited only to the same extent of amounts payable for other conditions. No additional, increased, or larger deductible can be imposed. Employers must provide the same level o f health benefits for spouses of female employees as they do for spouses of male employees.Pregnancy-related benefits cannot be limited to marital employees. Benefits must be provided for pregnancy-related conditions to unmarried women if benefits are provided to employees for other medical conditions. If an employer provides any benefits to workers on leave, the employer must provide the same benefits for those on leave for pregnancy-related conditions. Employees on leave because of pregnancy-related conditions must be treated the same as other temporarily disabled employees for accumulation and crediting of seniority, spend calculation, pay increases, and short disability benefits.A case that was important to the creation of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was muser v. Oregon (1908). The Supreme Court upheld a decision limiting women to 10 hour workdays based on the idea that performance of maternal functions made women inherently incapable of the same work that men did. In th e 1950s and 1960s, laws in several states prohibited women from working and others banned their hiring for some length of time before and after birth. Reasons for the continuing network discrimination against women include myths about female workers, conscious and unconscious stereotyping and biasing applied by many white en who are desperate to keep their competitive edge over women, and inadequate reporting and dissemination of nurture pertaining to glass-ceiling issues. The following myths about female employees, despite being disproved, still exist women executives refuse to work long hours or relocate, and many women executives take leave of absences (and that those who go on federally and state protected maternity leave have suddenly lost professional believability upon becoming pregnant or taking temporary leave). Statistics show women executives work 56 hours per week on average the same as their ale counterparts. Only 14 percent refused to relocate as compared to 20 perce nt of the men.Only one-third of female executives surveyed had ever taken a leave of absence and 82 percent of these were for maternity leave or other family reasons protected under FMLA. Finally, there can be a ill-shapen perception that women executives lose their professional credibility upon becoming pregnant or taking maternity leave an out of sight, out of mind mantra held by their bosses. Furthermore, a pregnant woman obviously has priorities outside of work and a selfish mployer may have the erroneous expectation of work being a sole priority. Research suggests that an underlying cause of the glass ceiling is the perception of many white males that they as a group are losing losing competitive advantage, losing control, and losing opportunity as a direct consequence of inclusion of women. there is also a difference barrier manifested through conscious and unconscious stereotyping and bias. People who do hiring tint most comfortable hiring people who look like them. R ecruiters for high- attitude jobs are predominately white males who then hire other white males from the same socio- conomic status, which helps perpetuate their over-representation in the shell jobs. Governmental barriers include the collection and disaggregation of employment related data which make it difficult to ascertain the status of various groups at the managerial level. There also continues to be inadequate reporting and dissemination of information pertaining to glass ceiling issues. Most importantly, there call for to be consistent monitoring and enforcement of laws and policies already on the books. The following case demonstrates how costly illegal gender discrimination can be to employersIn may 2010, a jury in the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of refreshing York awarded a disposition $250 million in punitive damages to 5,600 female sales employees in a sexual discrimination case after Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (Novartis) took the lawsu it filed against them to court and lost. In July 2010, the parties reached a $152 million settlement agreement of the plaintiffs claims of gender discrimination in the terms and conditions of their employment, including compensation, progress/promotional opportunities, reviews, and pregnancy leave. The terms of this greement allow for full compensation of former and current female employees go out from 2002-2010, ensuring that every woman who worked at Novartis over the past 8 years was compensated fairly.As part of the settlement, Novartis must also spend an additional $22. 5 million over the next three years on anti-discrimination policies, programs, and training, as well as on fortify its employee complaint process. Novartis was separateed to increase its Human preference and Employment Relations staff within cardinal months of the effective state of the settlement agreement ensuring that there would be ne Employment Relations research worker for every 1,000 Novartis emp loyees. A Compliance Master would be appointed as an external specialist for the New York Federal Court to monitor Novartiss accordance with the settlement agreements terms and conditions. move that women can take to continue making strides toward an equal opportunity workforce are to show themselves as decision makers, risk-takers, and players. Furthermore, a female manager should do her best to remove gender biases from her own business practices by not comparing her employees to men at the top.In Conclusion, women are just a few steps closer to being looked at as equal to men due to these legal acts. Women now have fewer restrictions and more rights within the workforce. The 1963 Equal Pay Act and 1964 Title VII brought women higher pay and more equal opportunity. Women are now eyesight the benefits of Executive Order 11375 which included protection from any sexual harassment. In 1967 the Age Discrimination in Employment Act was put into place to include age from discriminatio n, and women benefited from the insistence that age should not bar a capable and qualified person from working.In 1978 the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was implemented so that pregnancy did not determine a womans ability to work it also ensured that she received the same benefits as anyone else with a disability. Furthermore, even today women are fighting to have fair rights within the workplace. fifty-fifty with the legal clauses, women are faced with stereotypes and glass-ceiling barriers. In order for women to overcome the problems they are tackling, to truly be protected and to have the rights that they deserve, there must be changeless reinforcement of the laws that are currently in place.